The evolution of information systems as national and continental threats

National Focus-Minister Jenfan Muswere

THE evolution of information systems has profoundly transformed national security by revolutionising the collection, management and protection of information.

This progression began with rudimentary mechanical and manual data-processing tools in the 19th century, advanced through centralised computing in the mid-20th century and culminated in networked digital systems and contemporary advanced information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructures.

While these developments have significantly bolstered national defence and intelligence capabilities, they have also introduced new vulnerabilities, including cyber threats and misinformation campaigns.

In Zimbabwe, this evolution parallels global trends.

It commenced with centralised government computing systems in the 1970s and has progressed to embrace extensive ICT development and widespread internet connectivity.

These advancements have fundamentally reshaped intelligence gathering, communication protocols and cyber defence frameworks. Information systems have evolved from basic data processing in the mid-20th century to advanced AI-driven networks today, profoundly shaping global national security by enabling rapid threat detection while introducing new vulnerabilities like cyberattacks.

Key evolutionary stages

Mainframe computers in the 1960s-1970s supported early military command systems, evolving into networked systems during the 1980s-1990s with internet proliferation.

The 2000s introduced big data analytics and cloud computing, accelerating real-time intelligence sharing across global alliances.

By the 2020s, AI, machine learning and quantum computing dominate, automating decision-making and predictive threat modelling.

Advanced systems provide information superiority through high-bandwidth communications, enabling faster troop deployments and precision strikes worldwide.

Tools like GPS, CCTV, data mining and social network analysis enhance threat identification and response, as seen in post-9/11 frameworks.

Interconnectivity fosters interoperability among security agencies, reducing crisis response times.

Cyber threats have surged with digitisation, empowering non-state actors and complicating traditional defences.

Data overload strains analysis, while vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure invite disruptions from state-sponsored hacks.

Geopolitical rivalries now centre on data dominance, amplifying risks to economic and military stability.

Africa

In Africa, information system evolution has heightened national security risks through escalating cyber threats, even as it drives progress via initiatives like the Digital Transformation Strategy for Africa (DTS).

This dual nature demands robust cybersecurity measures to support rapid digital adoption.

Africa’s DTS (2020-2030) promotes an inclusive digital society via pillars like infrastructure, skills and innovation, aiming for universal broadband access and a Digital Single Market by 2030.

It addresses gaps in policy harmonisation, infrastructure (for example, fibre networks, data centres) and skills, while emphasising cybersecurity and data protection under the Malabo Convention.

Mobile penetration has leapfrogged fixed lines, boosting connectivity but highlighting urban-rural divides.

Security threats

Cyber threats have surged with digital growth, including state-sponsored espionage targeting governments and infrastructure. Ransomware, disinformation and attacks on telecoms cost Africa.

Digital repression via spyware and internet shutdowns in over a dozen countries further erodes stability.

The information system progression has amplified national security risks in Southern Africa through heightened cyber vulnerabilities, particularly in critical infrastructure as well.

African countries face escalating threats from ransomware, DDoS attacks and state-sponsored operations amid rapid digital transformation.

Southern Africa adopted information systems later, starting with data processing during the 1960s-1970s for inventory and accounting, entering strategic phases by the 1980s.

SADC pursues digital transformation via strategies like the SADC Digital Transformation Strategy, focusing on ICT for socio-economic growth, but with uneven maturity across members like Botswana and Zimbabwe.

Security impacts

DDoS, malware and info stealers surged in 2025, costing billions and disrupting ports, banks and grants, framing cyber issues as national security threats.

In SADC, digital growth exposes disparities in laws and skills, enabling cross-border attacks amid geopolitical tensions.

Policy responses

South Africa’s Cybercrimes Act (2020) and National Security Strategy (2024-2029) prioritise cyber sovereignty, counter-intelligence and stakeholder coordination.

Botswana emphasises national strategies for threat defence and awareness, while SADC pushes harmonised laws, capacity-building and info-sharing.

Challenges persist in enforcement, skills gaps and transnational threats, requiring AI tools, cloud security and regional cooperation.

Evolution of information

systems in Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe’s information systems journey began in 1972 with the establishment of a Central Computing System under the Ministry of Finance.

This system supported Government ministries with centralised data processing that improved administrative efficiency during that period.

Over the decades, Zimbabwe adopted advancements such as voice communication technologies, internet protocol telephony and expanded internet access.

The creation of the Ministry of Information Technology in 2009 signalled deliberate Government efforts to leverage ICT for socio-economic development. Notably, since 2016 the Government has implemented Community Information Centres, aiming to reduce the digital divide by expanding ICT access to rural and marginalised communities.

The country’s National ICT Policy recognises ICT as a fundamental development enabler across sectors, emphasising integration into economic activities such as banking, education and public services.

Impact on national security

Modernised information systems have greatly enhanced Zimbabwe’s national security through improved intelligence gathering, faster and more secure communication systems and better coordination among law enforcement and security agencies.

For example, digital communication tools have facilitated rapid information flow during crisis response.

However, increased social media and internet penetration (reaching over 96 percent in some regions) have created new security risks.

Social media serves as a powerful platform for both public engagement and malicious actors who organise violence, trafficking and misinformation campaigns leading to societal instability.

Zimbabwean enterprises report a sharp increase in cyber threats — about 82 percent experiencing incidents such as phishing, identity theft and malware attacks in recent years.

These threats necessitate robust cyber intelligence units and cybersecurity strategies.

The Government also faces persistent risks from foreign espionage and non-state actors, prompting stronger cyber defence and intelligence reforms.

Threats to national and continental security

Failure to find research and technology, as well as local solutions, is a huge security threat, as it leads to system vulnerabilities, especially in instances where vital equipment and systems are outsourced. The recent events, where radar and air defence systems were compromised and disabled, is instructive.

Procurement as a threat

When you procure such systems, you lose exclusivity, opening up the systems to infiltration. So, funding research and development becomes a priority.

Media

Media sovereignty and information ubiquity is very key, especially in the current environment where misinformation and disinformation have not only become pervasive but evolved as real threats.

Legislative and policy support

Zimbabwe has enacted key legislative measures to safeguard its evolving information landscape while balancing public transparency.

The Cyber and Data Protection Act of 2021 criminalises various cyber offences such as hacking, phishing and identity theft, providing a legal framework for data protection and electronic evidence handling.

This law also establishes the Cybersecurity and Monitoring Centre under Presidential Office control, centralising communications surveillance to support national security. Though designed to combat cybercrime and misinformation, the law has attracted debate due to concerns about potential misuse for political surveillance.

These legislative frameworks align with Zimbabwe’s constitutional mandates for protecting sensitive data without overly restricting access to information essential for good governance.

Cybersecurity and intelligence transformation

The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, characterised by artificial intelligence and advanced digital technologies, has complicated national security in Zimbabwe. Frequent cyber-attacks target Government entities, financial institutions and critical infrastructure.

To address this, Zimbabwe has launched cybersecurity training programmes for Government officials and is developing a National Cyber Security Strategy to holistically protect its information assets.

The security sector, particularly the military, integrates ICT in governance and security operations to detect and counteract cyber threats and espionage effectively.

For instance, AI and automated threat detection systems are being explored to enhance cybersecurity resilience.

Dr Jenfan Muswere is the Minister of Information, Publicity and Broadcasting Services.