AFD report warns against one‑size‑fits‑all approaches to ending female genital mutilation

Laurent Allais, Correspondent

SOME initiatives are effective in combating female genital mutilation, while others prove less effective or difficult to implement universally. But how can female genital mutilation (FGM) be effectively addressed? Revisiting the context, history and recent data, a study recently published by the AFD (French Development Agency) takes stock of the strategies that have been explored or are currently being tested.

In response to the persistence of the practice, and in line with the global rise of the human rights agenda, numerous interventions have in recent years been proposed, funded and implemented by local organisations, donors, international NGOs and governments in an effort to reduce the prevalence of FGM.

“However, due to the complexity of the problem and an often fragmented understanding of the practice, these interventions have not always been effective,” acknowledges Florence Chatot, the author of the study.

The study seeks to analyse the uniqueness of each context in order to draw broader lessons. Although initially intended for stakeholders in Chad, its recommendations have the potential to benefit all affected countries.

At first glance, the report advises against standardising interventions. The factors that contribute to the persistence of FGM vary significantly depending on the geographical and socio ethnic context in which the practice occurs. Any effective strategy must therefore take these variations into account and move away from the standardisation that often renders interventions ineffective. Put simply, “we need to understand the phenomenon before we can attempt to change it.”

The author’s research in Chad highlights the specific socio ethnic drivers that sustain the practice and demonstrates the need for tailored responses from organisations. For example, programmes aimed at retraining excisers — regularly implemented in different contexts — may deliver only limited results.

Avoiding stigmatising discourse
These programmes are based on compensating excisers for the income lost from excision by involving them in income -generating activities in exchange for abandoning the practice. However, in a country where poverty is widespread, excisers are often inclined to maintain both income sources rather than give one up. The study therefore suggests that funds may be better directed towards awareness raising and advocacy campaigns, which tend to be more effective and foster long-term behavioural change.

Secondly, the study argues for abandoning “Western-centric” discourse. Stigmatising narratives can be counterproductive and may even reinforce conservative positions among those who continue to defend the practice.

“Although denunciation is important in the fight against FGM, the scope of the messages and the rhetoric used are paramount, as Western accusations against African customary practices rarely resonate with the populations concerned.”

Interventions have a greater impact when supported by local associations and national feminist movements, sometimes strengthened by the involvement of local personalities such as artists or sports figures. This is particularly evident in Chad, where local leadership carries the legitimacy and expertise needed to advance the fight against FGM.

Thirdly, the study recommends a “holistic approach” to combating FGM. Overly medicalised interventions risk minimising the suffering involved in the surgical act, potentially making excision appear “acceptable” to some. Reducing immediate physical risks is not sufficient to eliminate the phenomenon.

Similarly, criminalising the practice represents progress in terms of public health and rights protection, but may also drive the practice further underground, increasing risks for young girls. “Raising awareness before punishing, therefore, seems to be a more appropriate strategy.” Beyond health and legal concerns, interventions must also address the wider repercussions on households, including financial strain, mental health, couples’ well-being and girls’ education. This thinking supports the call for shared understanding among all stakeholders and strengthened collaboration through networks.

Involving men
Fourthly, the report recommends identifying collective perceptions of FGM using a “rumour approach”. Engaging communities through direct dialogue helps to illuminate their motivations and to classify the stereotypes that underpin the practice.

“However, it is through knowledge of the social representations associated with a practice that actors in the field are able to adapt their communication and awareness-raising activities,” the author stresses.

The study also emphasises the importance of informing and involving men in efforts to combat FGM. Contrary to common belief, men are not necessarily the strongest supporters of the practice.

Finally, the study advocates for supporting freedom of speech “by all means”. “While reducing FGM in Chad and other countries, where it is practised as a long-term commitment, one of the encouraging factors that emerges from the interviews is the emerging freedom of speech and the willingness to speak out.” The distribution of books containing personal accounts is cited as an encouraging development.

“All these strategies are relevant and have already proven their worth. However, they require a long-term commitment, which is essential for changing practices and social norms. International donors, who finance projects, and local actors, who fight against FGM, should therefore consider the best way to ensure the recurrence and sustainability of this funding,” the study concludes. – New African Magazine