Quota system noble, but . . .

Tsitsi Mhlanga
WOMEN’S representation in the Zimbabwe Parliament shot up from 19 percent to 34 percent in the recent elections, thanks to the quota system in the new Constitution. However, several factors have tempered this achievement. The number of elected women actually dropped, resulting in a heavy reliance on the quota system to shore up women’s representation.

Moreover, the percentage achieved falls short of the 50 percent target in the Sadc Protocol on Gender and Development in what will be Zimbabwe’s only election before the 2015 deadline.

The elections themselves have also been disputed.
An estimated 3,4 million Zimbabweans cast their ballots on July 31, electing President Robert Mugabe for another five-year term.

President Mugabe garnered 61 percent while the Movement for Democratic Change leader Mr Morgan Tsvangirai got 33 percent.
The African Union, Sadc and Chinese Observer Missions deemed the election process free but reserved judgment on fairness, noting challenges and irregularities.

The AU and Sadc have yet to release their reports.
The usual suspects, Zimbabwe Electoral Support Network the United States of America, Britain and Australia have jumped in, questioning the credibility of the election.

The gender dimensions of the elections provide much food for thought.
On a positive note, the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission for the first time captured gender-disaggregated data for voter and candidate participation, which allows for a meaningful analysis of women’s participation in elections.

Data compiled by the Women in Politics Support Unit shows that women now make up 34 percent of the Eighth Parliament of Zimbabwe: 48 percent of Senate and 32 percent of the National Assembly.

In the National Assembly, 26 women won constituency seats out of the 111 women who contested.
Compared to the 2008 elections, the number of female candidates who stood for elections dropped from 118 to 111, while the number of women who won dropped from 34 to 26.

Without the quota, the percentage of women in the National Assembly would have dropped from 18 percent to 12 percent.
However, as a result of the 60 seats reserved for women and distributed among parties on a proportional basis, women now constitute 86 of the 290 seats, or 32 percent of the total.

Women won 38 of the 60 Senate seats, or 48 percent of the total (one represents women with disabilities).
In total, (Assembly and Senate) women comprise 124 of the 360 or 34 percent the legislators in Zimbabwe, up from 19 percent after the 2008 elections.

Unfortunately, the quota did not extend to local government. Though ZEC is yet to compute the gender-disaggregated figures for local government, for now, WiPSU is able to confirm that the Binga District in south Zimbabwe, which has never had any female councillors, now has two women in local government.

Calculations in the 2013 Sadc Gender Protocol Barometer published by Gender Links and the Southern Africa Gender Protocol Alliance show the importance of quotas in increasing women’s representation.

Within the Sadc region, women constitute 16 percent of parliamentarians and 9 percent of councillors in countries without quotas, compared to 38 percent of parliamentarians and 37 percent of councillors in countries with quotas.

Thanks to a quota system in Mauritius, local government representation rose dramatically from 6 percent to 26 percent in only one election. After weighing up the gains and losses, the lesson is clear: Quotas are crucial, but they are not an end in themselves.

There is need to pair the provision of quota’s for women with genuine cultural and social transformation of the perceptions of women’s leadership.
The argument that women do not want to participate in politics is no longer valid as women continue to put themselves forward as leaders, as mobilisers and voters in the electoral process.

For now, the reality is that Zimbabwe has failed to achieve the 50 percent target set by the Sadc Gender Protocol for 2015.
Between August 2013 and the end of 2015, nine other Sadc countries — Botswana, Malawi, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland and Tanzania are due to hold elections.

May these countries heed the lessons learnt from Zimbabwe, because elections present a vital opportunity for the region to ensure 50/50 in government structures. — Gender Links

Tsitsi Mhlanga is the Information Campaigns and Advocacy Officer for Women in Politics Support Unit. Mhlanga writes in her personal capacity.