Mastering phrasal verbs

SOME common O-level vocabulary words. The goal is to pass an English examination, unnecessarily to chat with your friends.

This is meant to help students tackle vocabulary, especially when using textbooks.
Abandon (v) for verb — leave something behind. Acquire, which is also a verb means to get or obtain something.

“Ambiguous” is an adjective, which means having multiple meanings. “Beneficial” is an adjective, which means helpful or advantageous. “Consequences” is a noun, meaning a result or outcome.

Let us learn more words. “Diverse” is an adjective meaning varied or different. “Efficient” is also an adjective, which means doing something well with no waste.

“Evoke” is a verb, meaning to bring a feeling or memory to mind. “Hypothesis” is a noun meaning an educated guess. “Imply” is a verb, referring to suggest something without saying it.

“Justify” is a verb, meaning to show something is fair or right. Mitigate is also a verb, meaning to make something less severe.

“Narrate” is a verb, meaning to tell a story. “Perceive” is a verb, meaning to notice or understand something. “Resilient” is an adjective, meaning able to withstand difficulties.

Let us get creative by trying to use the chosen words in sentences.

The city’s diverse culture made the festival a huge success. The new machine is more efficient, saving us time and money.

The smell of old books evokes memories of my grandfather’s library. The scientist tested her hypothesis with a series of experiments,

Her tone seemed to imply she was not interested in the offer. O-level grammar rules often cover: Tenses (present, past, future).

Causes (if, when, because), parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives).
Active and passive voice and reported speech. Let us break down on tenses and clauses. Tenses: present, past, future, simple.

Clauses independent, dependent, relative, clauses. Perfect continuous can be tricky. Let us focus on present perfect continuous. Form: has/have + been +verb –ng. Use actions started in the past, still happening now.

Example: I’ve been studying for three hours. A sentence using present perfect continuous. I have been waiting for 30 minutes. I’ve been waiting since morning is a perfect sentence using present perfect continuous.

Past Perfect Continuous: had +been + verb-ing. I have been studying for hours before the examination. Future perfect continuous: will + have +been + verb-ing.

Example: I will have been working here for five years by next month. Use when an action was ongoing in the past, and you want to show it led up to another past action.

Example: She was tired because she was running. Future Perfect Continuous: Use when an action will be going until a specific future point. Example: By June, I’ll have been living here for 10 years.

Past Perfect Continuous: I had been studying English for two years before I moved to Zimbabwe. They were late because they had been stuck in traffic.

Future Perfect Continuous: By next year, I’ll have been working hear for a decade. She’ll have been learning to drive for six months by July. I had been sleeping before she arrived.

Is a perfect past perfect continuous sentence. Reported speech is also known as (indirect speech).
Reporting what someone said without using their exact words. Changes:-present ->Past (I am->he was), Past ->Past perfect (I went -> she had gone), Will -> would ( I will-> he would). Pronouns often change (I ->he/she, my->his/he.

Example: Direct: I love Zimbabwe. Reported; He said he loved Zimbabwe.
Convert these to reported speech: I am going to Harare tomorrow.

He said he was going to Harare the next day. Tweaks is -> was (tense shift), tomorrow >the next day (time expression change).

Other examples: He said he loved the food in Bulawayo.
Conditionals: Talk about possibilities, hypotheticals or regrets. Zero Conditional, it. Facts (if you heat water it boils). First. Real possibilities (if it rains we will cancel).

Second Hypotheticals (if I won, I’d travel). Third: Past regrets (If I’d studied, I’d have passed).
Modals: Examples of modals: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must. Express: ability, permission, possibility, obligation, advice.

Examples: Ability: I can swim. Permission: Can I go? Advice: You should try Steers. Obligation: I must finish.
Example of a sentence using could (ability): If he had listened, he could have avoided the accident. Making a sentence using might (possibility), she might do well in the examination. Next: Use must (obligation/deduction) you must make sure that you stick to instructions.

Phrasal verbs: verb +preposition/adverb = to new meaning. Examples: look after, take off, get up. Get these meanings correct: Get up (wake up). Look after (take care of), Take off (depart or remove), Bring up (mention/raise a topic.)

Look after my class during my absence. Example of a sentence using look after.
Get up and get ready for school. The plane will take off at 4pm.

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